![]() ![]() To circumvent the former, many open-source tools like the OpenPIV Python Package (Liberzon et al. The cost for a PIV setup can be split into two major parts: First, the cost of commercial evaluation software and second the cost of the hardware consisting mainly but not exclusively of the laser, cameras, and computing hardware. However, in recent years efforts were made to lower the costs of a PIV setup and expending its range of application in the above-mentioned fields. Therefore, robust and low-cost PIV techniques for flow measurements are desirable. Therefore, the high system costs are mainly preventing a further spread of PIV into industrial applications as well as undergraduate education, both being areas, where experimental flow visualization would be of great benefit. Furthermore, very often velocity measurements in harsh industrial environments or in complex moving or rotating systems are necessary to investigate the underlying flow physics.Īll this leads towards a wide application of PIV in the field of experimental fluid mechanics research, however, the price of even a simple scientific PIV setup can easily add up to 60.000 - 100.000 €. ![]() Therefore, it is also predestined for educational purposes where it can be employed to provide easy access to complex flow phenomena which otherwise would be hard to understand (Minichiello et al. PIV is especially well suited for flow visualization and can provide fast and simple access to flow velocities and related properties. A recent overview of modern algorithms can be found in Kähler et al. 2006) and 3D-particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) (Maas et al. Further improvements of the basic, two-dimensional technique allows to measure all three velocity components in a planar measurement domain which is known as stereoscopic PIV (Arroyo and Greated 1991) or even in a three-dimensional domain with techniques like tomographic PIV (Elsinga et al. Since its origin in the 1980s, PIV became a well-established velocity measurement technique that significantly augmented the study of fluid flows (Adrian 2005). One of the major experimental technique that provides highly resolved flow data is the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Therefore, experimental methods have established themselves as a foundation of fluid dynamics research next to numerical simulations. Graphic abstractĪccess to experimental flow data is of crucial importance in a wide range of engineering, science and education. In conjunction with the synchronization and image pre-processing scheme presented herein, those cameras enable stereoscopic PIV in harsh environments and even on moving experiments. Since action cameras are intended to be used at outdoor activities, they are small, very robust and work autarkic. The setup was successfully qualified on a rotating particle pattern in a planar and stereoscopic configuration as well as on the jet of an aquarium pump. A slight detuning of the light pulsation and camera frame rate minimizes systematic errors by the rolling shutter effect and allows for the synchronization of both cameras by postprocessing without the need of hardware synchronization. A continuous wave laser or alternatively an LED was used for illumination and pulsed by a frequency generator. This paper presents the use of two low-cost action cameras for stereoscopic planar PIV. Recently, large progress was made in the development towards low-cost PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) for industrial and educational applications. ![]()
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